Oral health knowledge and practice among pupils in a private school: A basis for an intervention program
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Published:
Aug 2, 2022
Keywords:
Oral Health, Elementary Pupils, Intervention Program
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Abstract
This descriptive study identified and analyzed the oral health knowledge and practice among private school pupils. Specifically, it looked into the profile of respondents along grade level, sex, and highest educational attainment of their parents, knowledge on causes and preventive measures of oral diseases, strengths and weaknesses of oral health and extent of practice on oral hygiene and extent of practice along oral hygiene, correlation analysis between their level of knowledge on oral health and extent of practice on oral hygiene. Data were collected using a researcher- made questionnaire. The participants were the 293 pupils of grades 4 to 6 in Saint Louis College, City of San Fernando, La Union. The data were treated statistically using frequencies, percentages, means, and t-ratio for r. The study found that most of the pupils were male; they all showed high knowledge about the causes and preventive measures of oral diseases; but oral hygiene was moderately practiced. There is a significant positive relationship between oral health knowledge and extent of practice of oral hygiene. There is a need to increase the oral hygiene knowledge and practice through well-planned school based oral health education programs in the elementary schools and eventually lead to the improvement on the oral hygiene practices.
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Fadare, S. A. (2022). Oral health knowledge and practice among pupils in a private school: A basis for an intervention program. Orapuh Academic Repository, OAR2201. Retrieved from https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/acadrep/article/view/OAR2201
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References
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Al-Omiri, M.K, Al-Wahadni, A.M, & Saeed, K.N. (2006). Oral health attitudes, knowledge, and behavior among school children in North Jordan. J Dent Educ. LXX, 179–187.
Amante, D.A., Atienza, L.P. & Mendoza, C.N. (2008). Essentials of research methodology. Mandaluyong, Manila: Cacho Hermanos, Inc.
Ammanum, I. (2006). Oral health behavior of 11- 12 years old children in Nigeria. Retrieved on January11, 2018, from http://www.biomedcentral.com. Article Order AO 2007-007
Bandura, A. (2006). Social cognitive theory. Annals of child development International Journal of Greenwich, VI, 1–60.
Bhatia, M. (2010). The concept of health: Retrieved on Aug 4, 2017, from http://hpathy.com/homeopathypapus/theconcept of health. Full pdf
Calderon, J.F. & Gonzales, E. C. (2010). Methods of research and procedures. Retrieved on Aug 4, 2017, from http://atweb.com.
Calmorin, L. (2005). Methods of research and thesis writing. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Carneiro, L., Kabulwa, M., Makyao, M., Mrosso, G., & Choum, R. (2011). Oral health knowledge and practices of secondary school students Tanga, Tanzania. International Journal of Dentistry. Retrieved Aug
6 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/806258.
Carrillo-Diaz, R. (2012). Cases studies in global health: Millions saved (135-138). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Cheah, W. L., Tay, S. P., Chai, S.C., Bong, C. S., Lugmanul, H. B., & Zhuleikha, B. J. C. (2010). Oral health Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Secondary School students in Kuching Sarawak, Archives of Orofacial Sciences, V, 9-16.
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dental Health Service. (2011). National Monitoring and Evaluation
Dental Survey. (8th ). Manila: Philippines. Department of Health.
Department of Education (DepEd). 2010. Revised manual of regulations for private schools in basic education. Retrieved on January 08, 2018 from http://www.slideshare.net/geniusonline/current-legal-issues-in-health.
Department of Education, Health and Nutrition Center (2008). National Oral Health Survey 2006. Manila, Philippines.Retrieved on January 08, 2018 from http://www.slideshare.net/geniusonline/current-legal-issues-in-health.
Dilip, C. L. (2005). Health status, treatment requirements, knowledge and attitude towards oral health of police recruits in Karnataka. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, V, 20-33.
Emmanuel, A., & Chang’endo, E. (2009). Oral health related behavior, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among secondary school students in Iringa Municipality. Dar-es-salaam Medical Students’ Journal. Retrieved on Feb 18, 2017.http://www.ajol.info/index.php/dsmj/article/download61341/49503
Francis, A., Arnold, Jr., Trendley, H., Dean, P., Jay, J., & Knutson, W. (2006). Effect of fluoridated Public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Bull World Health Organ. LXXXIV, 9, 761–764.
Frazier, P.J.(2008). School-based instruction for improving oral health: Closing the knowledge gap. International Dental Journal. XXX, 257–68.
Frencken, J.E. & Holmgren C.J. (2009). Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) for dental caries. Niijmegen, Netherlands: STI Book.
Granz, K., Rimer, B.K. & Lewis, F.M. (2007). Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice. San Fransisco: Wiley & Sons.
Haq, N. U., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A., Saleem, F., Farooqui, M., & Aljadhey, H. (2012). A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy of Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health.
Hollister, M.C & Anema, M.G. (2005). Health knowledge and Practice models and Oral health: A review, Journal of Dental Hygiene, LXXVIII, 1-8.
Horowitz, A. & Kleinman, D. V. (2008). Oral Health Literacy: The New Impreative to Better Oral Health. Dental Clinics of North America, LII, 2, 333–344
Horowitz, S. (2014). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team, demography. Journal of management. Retrieved on August 18, 2017 from http://www.doh.gov.ph/Oral-Health program.htm.
http: //:michaelfullan.ca/wp-content/theories.(Accessed on January 13, 2018).
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhalth.html
Jennifer, U. Dotado-Maderazo, & Jona, Jocylen. V. B. (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Oral Health of Public School Children of Batangas City. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. II, 4, 2350-8442.
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199 E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 1997
Kallestaal, C., & Wall, S. (2007). Socio-economic effect on caries. Incidence data among Swedish 12-14-year-olds. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, XXX , 108-14.
Kaliyaperumal, K. & Expert, I.E.C. (2006). Guideline for Conducting Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study. Retrieved on Jan 10, 2018 from http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/guideline.
Kay, E. & Locker, D. (2007). Eecvness of Oral health Promotion: A Review of health Education Authority. London, UK. Retrieved on May 16, 2018 fromhttp://www.researchgate.net. /publication/224859249
Kidd, E.A. (2005). Essentials of dental caries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Langha, Y. (2012). Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students at a Mid-Western University. University of
Cincinnati. U.S.A.
Launiala, A. (2009). Knowledge and practices Anthropology Matters Journal, XI (1). Retrieved from on Feb 14, 2018, from www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php?journal=anth.
Lembarati, B.S. (2007). Challenges of plaque control in the millennium. Afr. J. Oral. Health Sci., III, 55-58.
Malele-Kolisa, Y. (2009) Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Caregivers about Oral Health Care: Retrieved on Jan 28, 201 www.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/FULL%20RESEARCH%20 REPORT.
Maritess, O.V. (2008). Knowledge, Attitudes,and Practices in Oral Healthamong Families with Pore-school Children in an Urban poor communities in Metro Manila. Asia pacific journal of Research in early childhood Education. II,1, 35-53.
Masanja. I. M. & E. G. Mumghamba,(2005) Knowledge on gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among secondary school adolescents in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, II, 172–178.
Memorandum No 87, Series 1984. Department of Education and Culture. Ministry of Health, Kuwait. (2011). School oral health program 1982-2011, Kuwait – Forsyth. Kuwait City: MOH Kuwait.
Mission, G. (2000). Health For All still a Dream. Retrieved Aug 19, 2017, From http://www.CyberDyaryo.gogle.com.
Monse, B., Heinrich-Weltzien, R., & Benzian, H. et.al. (2009). PUFA- An Index of clinical Consequences of untreated dental caries Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.
Muhammed, Sultan Al-Darwish. (2014). Oral health knowledge, behavior and practices among school children in Qatar. Dental Research Journal, XIII, 342–353.
Mwangosi, M., Lupi-Pégurier L., Bardakjian H., & Velly A.M. (2007). Effectiveness of school-based dental sealant programs among children from low-income backgrounds in France: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, XXXXI, 232-241.
Navneet, G. & Manpreet, K. (2007)./ Status of Oral health awareness in Indian children as compared to western children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. XXV,1,15-9.
Nicholas, E.B. (2010). Child Development. Journal of Dental Education.XXII,15, 101 – 115. Retrieved from Jan 12, 2018, From http:// www. Dj.cp./J/.
Nosayaba, O. P. (2011). The Alma-Ata declaration: An appraisal of Nigeria’s primary oral health care three decades later. Health Policy, LXL, 255-260.
Ogunsile, B. O., & Ogundele, S. E. (2008). Dental health knowledge, attitude and practice on the occurrence of dental caries among adolescents in a Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State Nigeria. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1, 64-78.
Padlan, E., (2013), Oral Hygiene Habits of Grade 1 Pupils at the Bocayao Sur Elementary School in Relation to Dental Caries, The Journal of the Philippine Dental Association, LXIII, 43- 68.
Petersen, P.E. & Torres, A.M. (2009). Preventive oral health care and health promotion provided for children and adolescents by the Municipal Dental Health Service in Denmark. International
Journal of Pediatric Dentistry, IX, 81-91.
Petersen, P. E. (2009). Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. International Dental Journal, LVIII, 115-121.
Republic Act 951 – An Act to amend republic act numbered one hundred and twenty-four. Republic Act 124 – An Act to provide for the medical inspection of children enrolled in private schools, colleges and universities in
the philippines. section 1. effective july first, nineteen hundred and forty-seven.
Redmond, C.A., Blinkhorn, F.A., Kay, E.J., Davies, R.M., Worthington, H.V & Blinkhorn, A.S. (2009). A cluster randomized controlled trial Testing the effectiveness of a school-based dental health education program for adolescents. J Public Health Dent. Winter. LIX,12-18.
Sa’adu, L., Musa, O. L., Abu-Saeed, K. & Abu-Saeed, M. B. (2012). Knowledge and practice on oral health among Junior Secondary School Students in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Nigeria. E-journal of Dentistry II, 2; 170-175.
Schopper, D., Doussantousse, S. & Orav, J. (2008) Sexual Behaviours Relevant to HIV Transmission in a Rural African Population: How Much Can a KAP Survey Tell Us? Retrieved on Feb 14, 2018, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8356488.
Scotts, R., Maizeils,J., & Wyllei,M.S. (2007).The Reationship between health related knowledge, perceptions and dental health behaviours in 14-16 year old adolescents. Community dental health. Retrived on August 13, 2017, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez.
Smyth, E., Caamano, F.E., Fernández-Riveiro. A. P. (2007). Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. (pp. 614–20.)
Vigild, B., & Jakob, R. (2009). Calling a spade a spade: Meaningful definition of health condition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, LXXXIII, 802.
Wårdh, I., Andersson, L., & Sörensen, S. (2008). Staff attitudes to oral health care. A comparative study of registered nurses, nursing assistants and home care aides. Gerontology, XIV,1, 28 – 32.
Weeks, J.C & Fiske, J. (2006). Oral care of people with disability: a ualitative exploration of the views of nursing staff. Gerontology, XI, 1,13-17.
Wigen, T., Skaret, E., Wang, N. (2009), “Dental avoidance behavior in parents and children as risk indicator for caries in 5 year old children”. International Journal of Paediatrics Dentistry, XIX, 431-437.
WHO (2013). Oral health. Retrieved on September 19, 2017 from www.who.int/topics/oral_health/en/.
WHO (1948). WHO Definition of Health. Retrieved on August 20, 2017, from http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html.
World Health Organization. (2010).Evaluation of the Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2018: 10th Report on the World Health situation. Copenhagen:WHO.
Aleksejuniene, J., Christensen, L.B., Peterson, P.E., Erikse, H.M., & Kalo, I. (2010) Oral health behavior and attitudes of adults in Lithuania. Acta, Odontol Scand.
Al-Omiri, M.K, Al-Wahadni, A.M, & Saeed, K.N. (2006). Oral health attitudes, knowledge, and behavior among school children in North Jordan. J Dent Educ. LXX, 179–187.
Amante, D.A., Atienza, L.P. & Mendoza, C.N. (2008). Essentials of research methodology. Mandaluyong, Manila: Cacho Hermanos, Inc.
Ammanum, I. (2006). Oral health behavior of 11- 12 years old children in Nigeria. Retrieved on January11, 2018, from http://www.biomedcentral.com. Article Order AO 2007-007
Bandura, A. (2006). Social cognitive theory. Annals of child development International Journal of Greenwich, VI, 1–60.
Bhatia, M. (2010). The concept of health: Retrieved on Aug 4, 2017, from http://hpathy.com/homeopathypapus/theconcept of health. Full pdf
Calderon, J.F. & Gonzales, E. C. (2010). Methods of research and procedures. Retrieved on Aug 4, 2017, from http://atweb.com.
Calmorin, L. (2005). Methods of research and thesis writing. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Carneiro, L., Kabulwa, M., Makyao, M., Mrosso, G., & Choum, R. (2011). Oral health knowledge and practices of secondary school students Tanga, Tanzania. International Journal of Dentistry. Retrieved Aug
6 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/806258.
Carrillo-Diaz, R. (2012). Cases studies in global health: Millions saved (135-138). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Cheah, W. L., Tay, S. P., Chai, S.C., Bong, C. S., Lugmanul, H. B., & Zhuleikha, B. J. C. (2010). Oral health Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Secondary School students in Kuching Sarawak, Archives of Orofacial Sciences, V, 9-16.
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dental Health Service. (2011). National Monitoring and Evaluation
Dental Survey. (8th ). Manila: Philippines. Department of Health.
Department of Education (DepEd). 2010. Revised manual of regulations for private schools in basic education. Retrieved on January 08, 2018 from http://www.slideshare.net/geniusonline/current-legal-issues-in-health.
Department of Education, Health and Nutrition Center (2008). National Oral Health Survey 2006. Manila, Philippines.Retrieved on January 08, 2018 from http://www.slideshare.net/geniusonline/current-legal-issues-in-health.
Dilip, C. L. (2005). Health status, treatment requirements, knowledge and attitude towards oral health of police recruits in Karnataka. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, V, 20-33.
Emmanuel, A., & Chang’endo, E. (2009). Oral health related behavior, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among secondary school students in Iringa Municipality. Dar-es-salaam Medical Students’ Journal. Retrieved on Feb 18, 2017.http://www.ajol.info/index.php/dsmj/article/download61341/49503
Francis, A., Arnold, Jr., Trendley, H., Dean, P., Jay, J., & Knutson, W. (2006). Effect of fluoridated Public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Bull World Health Organ. LXXXIV, 9, 761–764.
Frazier, P.J.(2008). School-based instruction for improving oral health: Closing the knowledge gap. International Dental Journal. XXX, 257–68.
Frencken, J.E. & Holmgren C.J. (2009). Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) for dental caries. Niijmegen, Netherlands: STI Book.
Granz, K., Rimer, B.K. & Lewis, F.M. (2007). Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice. San Fransisco: Wiley & Sons.
Haq, N. U., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A., Saleem, F., Farooqui, M., & Aljadhey, H. (2012). A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy of Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health.
Hollister, M.C & Anema, M.G. (2005). Health knowledge and Practice models and Oral health: A review, Journal of Dental Hygiene, LXXVIII, 1-8.
Horowitz, A. & Kleinman, D. V. (2008). Oral Health Literacy: The New Impreative to Better Oral Health. Dental Clinics of North America, LII, 2, 333–344
Horowitz, S. (2014). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team, demography. Journal of management. Retrieved on August 18, 2017 from http://www.doh.gov.ph/Oral-Health program.htm.
http: //:michaelfullan.ca/wp-content/theories.(Accessed on January 13, 2018).
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhalth.html
Jennifer, U. Dotado-Maderazo, & Jona, Jocylen. V. B. (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Oral Health of Public School Children of Batangas City. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. II, 4, 2350-8442.
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199 E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 199
E. Kay and D. Locker, Effectiveness of Oral Health promotion: A Review, Health Education
Authority, London, UK, 1997
Kallestaal, C., & Wall, S. (2007). Socio-economic effect on caries. Incidence data among Swedish 12-14-year-olds. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, XXX , 108-14.
Kaliyaperumal, K. & Expert, I.E.C. (2006). Guideline for Conducting Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study. Retrieved on Jan 10, 2018 from http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/guideline.
Kay, E. & Locker, D. (2007). Eecvness of Oral health Promotion: A Review of health Education Authority. London, UK. Retrieved on May 16, 2018 fromhttp://www.researchgate.net. /publication/224859249
Kidd, E.A. (2005). Essentials of dental caries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Langha, Y. (2012). Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students at a Mid-Western University. University of
Cincinnati. U.S.A.
Launiala, A. (2009). Knowledge and practices Anthropology Matters Journal, XI (1). Retrieved from on Feb 14, 2018, from www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php?journal=anth.
Lembarati, B.S. (2007). Challenges of plaque control in the millennium. Afr. J. Oral. Health Sci., III, 55-58.
Malele-Kolisa, Y. (2009) Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Caregivers about Oral Health Care: Retrieved on Jan 28, 201 www.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/FULL%20RESEARCH%20 REPORT.
Maritess, O.V. (2008). Knowledge, Attitudes,and Practices in Oral Healthamong Families with Pore-school Children in an Urban poor communities in Metro Manila. Asia pacific journal of Research in early childhood Education. II,1, 35-53.
Masanja. I. M. & E. G. Mumghamba,(2005) Knowledge on gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among secondary school adolescents in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, II, 172–178.
Memorandum No 87, Series 1984. Department of Education and Culture. Ministry of Health, Kuwait. (2011). School oral health program 1982-2011, Kuwait – Forsyth. Kuwait City: MOH Kuwait.
Mission, G. (2000). Health For All still a Dream. Retrieved Aug 19, 2017, From http://www.CyberDyaryo.gogle.com.
Monse, B., Heinrich-Weltzien, R., & Benzian, H. et.al. (2009). PUFA- An Index of clinical Consequences of untreated dental caries Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.
Muhammed, Sultan Al-Darwish. (2014). Oral health knowledge, behavior and practices among school children in Qatar. Dental Research Journal, XIII, 342–353.
Mwangosi, M., Lupi-Pégurier L., Bardakjian H., & Velly A.M. (2007). Effectiveness of school-based dental sealant programs among children from low-income backgrounds in France: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, XXXXI, 232-241.
Navneet, G. & Manpreet, K. (2007)./ Status of Oral health awareness in Indian children as compared to western children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. XXV,1,15-9.
Nicholas, E.B. (2010). Child Development. Journal of Dental Education.XXII,15, 101 – 115. Retrieved from Jan 12, 2018, From http:// www. Dj.cp./J/.
Nosayaba, O. P. (2011). The Alma-Ata declaration: An appraisal of Nigeria’s primary oral health care three decades later. Health Policy, LXL, 255-260.
Ogunsile, B. O., & Ogundele, S. E. (2008). Dental health knowledge, attitude and practice on the occurrence of dental caries among adolescents in a Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State Nigeria. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1, 64-78.
Padlan, E., (2013), Oral Hygiene Habits of Grade 1 Pupils at the Bocayao Sur Elementary School in Relation to Dental Caries, The Journal of the Philippine Dental Association, LXIII, 43- 68.
Petersen, P.E. & Torres, A.M. (2009). Preventive oral health care and health promotion provided for children and adolescents by the Municipal Dental Health Service in Denmark. International
Journal of Pediatric Dentistry, IX, 81-91.
Petersen, P. E. (2009). Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. International Dental Journal, LVIII, 115-121.
Republic Act 951 – An Act to amend republic act numbered one hundred and twenty-four. Republic Act 124 – An Act to provide for the medical inspection of children enrolled in private schools, colleges and universities in
the philippines. section 1. effective july first, nineteen hundred and forty-seven.
Redmond, C.A., Blinkhorn, F.A., Kay, E.J., Davies, R.M., Worthington, H.V & Blinkhorn, A.S. (2009). A cluster randomized controlled trial Testing the effectiveness of a school-based dental health education program for adolescents. J Public Health Dent. Winter. LIX,12-18.
Sa’adu, L., Musa, O. L., Abu-Saeed, K. & Abu-Saeed, M. B. (2012). Knowledge and practice on oral health among Junior Secondary School Students in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Nigeria. E-journal of Dentistry II, 2; 170-175.
Schopper, D., Doussantousse, S. & Orav, J. (2008) Sexual Behaviours Relevant to HIV Transmission in a Rural African Population: How Much Can a KAP Survey Tell Us? Retrieved on Feb 14, 2018, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8356488.
Scotts, R., Maizeils,J., & Wyllei,M.S. (2007).The Reationship between health related knowledge, perceptions and dental health behaviours in 14-16 year old adolescents. Community dental health. Retrived on August 13, 2017, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez.
Smyth, E., Caamano, F.E., Fernández-Riveiro. A. P. (2007). Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. (pp. 614–20.)
Vigild, B., & Jakob, R. (2009). Calling a spade a spade: Meaningful definition of health condition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, LXXXIII, 802.
Wårdh, I., Andersson, L., & Sörensen, S. (2008). Staff attitudes to oral health care. A comparative study of registered nurses, nursing assistants and home care aides. Gerontology, XIV,1, 28 – 32.
Weeks, J.C & Fiske, J. (2006). Oral care of people with disability: a ualitative exploration of the views of nursing staff. Gerontology, XI, 1,13-17.
Wigen, T., Skaret, E., Wang, N. (2009), “Dental avoidance behavior in parents and children as risk indicator for caries in 5 year old children”. International Journal of Paediatrics Dentistry, XIX, 431-437.
WHO (2013). Oral health. Retrieved on September 19, 2017 from www.who.int/topics/oral_health/en/.
WHO (1948). WHO Definition of Health. Retrieved on August 20, 2017, from http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html.
World Health Organization. (2010).Evaluation of the Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2018: 10th Report on the World Health situation. Copenhagen:WHO.