https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/issue/feed Orapuh Journal 2024-12-02T04:51:20+00:00 Prof. V. E. Adamu [email protected] Open Journal Systems <p>Orapuh Journal (Orap J) is an open-access, internationally peer-reviewed online journal dedicated to oral and public health. The journal provides accessible, high-quality, peer-reviewed knowledge to oral and public health professionals, educators, consumers, and the global community.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong><br>Orapuh Journal aims to enhance access to superior information and research in oral and public health while fostering the development of emerging researchers and authors, particularly from underserved areas within these disciplines.</p> <p><strong>Scope</strong><br>Orapuh Journal prioritises:</p> <p>1. Original research<br>2. Comprehensive and critical review articles<br>3. Evidence-based information<br>4. Interactive clinical and related content<br>5. Content contributions focused on advancing oral and public health disciplines.</p> <p><strong>Open Access Information</strong></p> <p>All articles in Orap J are open-access articles distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://www.orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/about"><strong>here</strong></a> to read more about the Journal. Find out <a href="http://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/why-choose">why <em>Orap J</em> is your quick access to being</a>!</p> <p><strong><a href="https://orapuh.org/2023/11/01/the-vital-role-of-communicating-dental-and-public-health-research-findings/">Click here</a></strong>&nbsp;to read an article about the vital role of communicating oral and public health research findings to the scientific community.</p> <p><a href="http://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/editorial-policies">Editorial Policies</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/about/editorialTeam">Editorial Team</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href="http://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a></p> https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1151 Assessment of health risks associated with water-borne diseases due to flooding in the Kwilu River Valley in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-03T03:58:04+00:00 Midishi Olivier MUNDUKU [email protected] Kikozokozo Dieudonne Kikozokozo [email protected] Muwele Thérèse KILENSELE [email protected] Gedeon Gedeon BANGANGA [email protected] Ilunga Thérèse KALELA [email protected] Banza Steve BONDO [email protected] Eyul’anki Dieudonne KILENSELE [email protected] Mazembe Bias MPURU [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Flooding poses a socio-environmental threat by introducing water to areas usually dry, thereby facilitating the spread of various pathogens. Flood-prone areas are vulnerable to numerous health risks, often resulting in fatalities, especially among children under five and pregnant women.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aims to assess the health risks associated with water-borne diseases caused by flooding in the Kwilu River Valley in Kikwit.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This research employs a cartographic approach combined with experimentation and descriptive observation to analyze a non-probabilistic sample.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Climatic and geomorphological factors are the primary natural causes of flooding in the Kwilu River Valley. Socio-environmental vulnerabilities among residents in the study area contribute significantly to the health risks associated with flooding. Malaria is the most prevalent water-borne disease in the Kwilu Valley, followed by diarrhoea, pneumonia, and typhoid fever.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>The health risks associated with flooding in the Kwilu River Valley in Kikwit are substantial. Pathological surveillance, enhanced drainage systems, and expanded public health campaigns are essential to promote improved living conditions for the community.</p> 2024-11-02T18:27:19+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Midishi Olivier MUNDUKU, Kikozokozo Dieudonne Kikozokozo, Muwele Thérèse KILENSELE, Gedeon Gedeon BANGANGA, Ilunga Thérèse KALELA, Banza Steve BONDO, Eyul’anki Dieudonne KILENSELE, Mazembe Bias MPURU https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1152 Impact of the kangaroo mother care method on neonatal survival from 2015 to 2020 at the General Reference Hospital in Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-03T03:58:03+00:00 Kangoyangala Nicolas KINAMBOLI [email protected] Opara Jean-Pierre Alworonga [email protected] Luzolo Emery Kafinga [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Neonatal mortality rates remain a significant concern in resource-limited settings, where effective interventions are crucial. The Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) method has emerged as a promising strategy to improve neonatal survival through skin-to-skin contact and mother-centered care.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aims to assess the impact of the KMC method on neonatal survival and to explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals and mothers regarding this approach at the General Reference Hospital in Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This quasi-experimental retrospective study, conducted over a 60-month period (2015–2020) at the General Reference Hospital in Buta, DRC, used a mixed-methods approach to compare neonatal survival rates and complications in preterm and low-birth-weight newborns before and after the introduction of the Kangaroo Mother Care method. Quantitative data were analyzed from 650 preterm newborns, while qualitative experiences and satisfaction levels were gathered from 20 mothers and 15 healthcare professionals.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Quantitative analysis showed a significant increase in neonatal survival rates, rising from 32.6% before the introduction of KMC to 63.4% afterward (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the rate of neonatal complications decreased from 26.7% to 8.6% following the method’s implementation. Qualitative findings revealed that 85% of mothers and 90% of healthcare professionals expressed favorable opinions regarding the execution of KMC.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>The study demonstrates that implementing the Kangaroo Mother Care method at the General Reference Hospital in Buta significantly improved neonatal survival rates, with positive perceptions from both mothers and healthcare professionals. These findings suggest that KMC could be a key strategy for improving neonatal survival in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and similar settings, underscoring the need for continuous training of healthcare staff and the integration of this approach into neonatal health policies.</p> 2024-11-02T19:31:56+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Kangoyangala Nicolas KINAMBOLI, Opara Jean-Pierre Alworonga , Luzolo Emery Kafinga https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1153 The Heavy metals contamination and health risk assessment in food samples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A systematic review 2024-11-03T03:58:03+00:00 Lievins-Corneille Mputu Malolo [email protected] Jocelyn Mankulu Kakumba [email protected] Patrick Ndelo Matondo [email protected] Yannick Nuapia Belo [email protected] Josaphat Ndelo-di-Phanzu [email protected] <p>Heavy metal contamination in food poses significant risks to food safety and human health. Chronic exposure can lead to serious health issues, with the impact of contaminated foods influenced by factors such as exposure level, body mass, age, and gender. Vulnerable populations, including pregnant women and children, are particularly at risk. Long-term exposure to heavy metals is associated with various disorders, including metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, as well as reproductive system disruptions and cancers. This review synthesizes available data on heavy metal contamination in foods within the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and provides recommendations for enhancing heavy metal risk assessment. A comprehensive search of PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and EMBASE yielded ten relevant studies published between 2011 and 2021. The distribution of studies included five from Kinshasa (50%), three from Katanga (30%), and two from Kongo Central (20%). Seventy percent of the studies focused on vegetable samples, with additional analyses of fish (30%), beef (10%), and aquatic invertebrates (10%). Risk assessment metrics, including Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), and Hazard Index (HI), were employed in five studies (50%). The findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive monitoring of heavy metals in diverse food sources throughout the DRC to accurately assess associated health risks and inform public health interventions.</p> 2024-11-02T21:34:03+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Lievins-Corneille Mputu Malolo, Jocelyn Mankulu Kakumba, Patrick Ndelo Matondo, Yannick Nuapia Belo, Josaphat Ndelo-di-Phanzu https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1154 Developing a practical framework for the recruitment and retention of radiographers in the public sector of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa 2024-11-10T04:04:40+00:00 Nonkululeku Cibane [email protected] Muhammad Hoque [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>There is a notable lack of strategic recruitment and retention initiatives for radiographers in KwaZulu-Natal Province. This is evident in the disproportionate ratio of radiographers to the population they serve and the imbalance between those employed in the public and private healthcare sectors.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aimed to develop a comprehensive framework to improve the recruitment and retention of public sector radiographers in KwaZulu-Natal by examining relevant policies and regulations, as well as gathering insights from both service-level and managerial radiographers.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>A sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating a document review, a cross-sectional survey of a stratified random sample of 220 radiographers, and in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of ten radiography managers from various public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal. Thematic analysis was used for the document review and interviews with managers, while logistic regression was applied to identify significant predictors of retention in the quantitative data.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>The document review revealed that, although policies and procedures for recruitment and retention exist, the radiography profession is poorly regarded within the broader healthcare field. Radiographers are underrepresented in decision-making bodies and lack an advisory board. The intention to leave the profession was significantly influenced by factors such as incentives (p=0.030) and burnout (p=0.007). Participants highlighted several barriers to effective recruitment and retention, including inadequate policy implementation, insufficient support and recognition, and limited opportunities for career advancement.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>The proposed framework emphasizes the importance of advocating for the radiography profession in decision-making forums, ensuring the effective implementation and monitoring of recruitment policies, improving the work environment, and enhancing career development pathways for radiographers.</p> 2024-11-09T12:05:25+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Nonkululeku Cibane, Muhammad Hoque https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1155 Treatment nonadherence factors among rural South African patients with diabetes mellitus attending primary care facilities 2024-11-10T04:04:40+00:00 Milliscent Mabunda [email protected] Mathildah Mokgatle [email protected] Muhammad Hoque [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant global public health challenge, with effective management relying heavily on patient adherence to treatment protocols. In South Africa, particularly in low-resource settings like the Soweto area in the Johannesburg Health District, treatment nonadherence among diabetic patients is a pressing concern, contributing to poor health outcomes and increased healthcare costs.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aimed to identify and analyze factors associated with treatment nonadherence among patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus attending primary healthcare facilities in Soweto, Johannesburg Health District, South Africa.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This was a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted among 490 diabetic patients attending primary healthcare facilities in Soweto using structured anonymous questionnaires. The chi-squared test was used to assess associations between treatment nonadherence and various factors. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze the data.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>The average age of the patients was 59 years, and 66% were female. The nonadherence rate among the patients was 31%, with 80% having occasionally missed a dose of their medication. Gender, marital status, monthly household income, number of years living with diabetes, and adherence to diet were significantly associated with nonadherence to diabetes treatment (p &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>The study highlights the multifaceted nature of treatment nonadherence among diabetic patients in Soweto. Addressing these factors requires a comprehensive approach, including improving patient education, enhancing social support, and addressing socioeconomic barriers.</p> 2024-11-09T12:07:01+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Milliscent Mabunda, Mathildah Mokgatle, Muhammad Hoque https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1156 Opinions of caregivers on supporting couples in perinatal bereavement at the Kintambo Maternity Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-15T04:09:23+00:00 Pambi Hydrogen Izana [email protected] Makola José Kiala [email protected] Nsopa Emiliène Kulembidila [email protected] Ndiene Suzanne Lulendo [email protected] Yav Sakabong Jean Jacques Muteb [email protected] Katata Clement Manyama [email protected] Mupepe Roland Yende [email protected] Bwiyi Julien Zaya [email protected] Bukasa Augustin KADIATA [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Maternity units are supposed to be places that welcome new life, but sometimes things do not go as hoped. Many mistakenly believe that the death of a baby, known for only a few hours or days, has less impact than the death of an older child. However, the sense of loss experienced by parents is equally profound.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>The objective of this study was to assess the opinions of caregivers on supporting couples in perinatal bereavement at the Kintambo Maternity Hospital in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This descriptive study was conducted at the Kintambo Maternity Ward in Kinshasa, focusing on caregivers' opinions regarding the support of couples during perinatal bereavement. A survey was used to explore the issue and collect data, aiming to describe and understand the phenomenon from the perspective of those involved. Additionally, face-to-face interviews were employed as a data collection technique, allowing caregivers to express their views.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>The results show that 56% of the caregivers interviewed were men and 46% were women. However, 41% of caregivers expressed a favourable opinion regarding the support of couples during perinatal bereavement, while 59% expressed an unfavourable opinion. Furthermore, 25.4% of caregivers believed that emotional involvement is an obstacle to supporting couples, 20.3% lacked in-depth knowledge about perinatal bereavement support, 35.5% showed a lack of empathy, and 18.6% of caregivers displayed a lack of psychological stability.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Supporting a couple during perinatal bereavement is challenging and requires a range of personal skills and significant self-awareness. A caregiver, dealing with both their own emotions and those of the couple, can be a custodian of suffering. It is essential for caregivers to harness their emotions positively, using them as a strength rather than fearing them, in order to better understand and care for those in mourning.</p> 2024-11-14T14:15:38+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Pambi Hydrogen Izana, Makola José Kiala , Nsopa Emiliène Kulembidila, Ndiene Suzanne Lulendo , Yav Sakabong Jean Jacques Muteb , Katata Clement Manyama , Mupepe Roland Yende , Bwiyi Julien Zaya , Bukasa Augustin KADIATA https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1157 Determinants of acceptability of cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in the Kalamu 1 Health Zone, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-16T04:09:35+00:00 Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua [email protected] Germain Amisa Aloma [email protected] Alexis François Bwanga Ngwamah [email protected] Monizi Mawunu [email protected] Roger Mwimba Mbungu [email protected] Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo [email protected] Gilbert Utshudienyema Wembodinga [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Cervical cancer is primarily associated with persistent infections by specific oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can cause cellular changes leading to precancerous and cancerous conditions. Screening is crucial for detecting precancerous lesions, enabling early interventions to prevent cancer progression.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aims to identify the determinants influencing the acceptability of cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age (18-49) in the Kalamu 1 Health Zone, Kinshasa.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted using the Fisher exact formula, a population of over 10,000 in the Kalamu 1 Health Zone. A total of 415 women were surveyed between August 20 and September 4, 2019, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between various factors and screening acceptability.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>The average age of respondents was 28 ± 7 years. Logistic regression identified key determinants affecting screening acceptability. A low level of education was significantly correlated with reduced acceptability (odds ratio: 8.91; 95% CI [1.46-35.27]; p = 0.01), indicating that less-educated women are about nine times less likely to accept screening. Women unaware of cervical cancer were also significantly less likely to participate (odds ratio: 19.30; 95% CI [9.13-35.20]; p = 0.00), highlighting a strong link between lack of knowledge and refusal. Additionally, the distance from home to the screening center emerged as a major barrier (odds ratio: 22.87; 95% CI [8.10-60.47]; p = 0.00), with those living farther away nearly 23 times less likely to accept screening. These results underscore the need for enhanced awareness programs and improved access to screening services, especially in remote areas.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Targeted public health interventions are essential for improving cervical cancer screening uptake. Educational programs must increase awareness about cervical cancer and the importance of early screening, particularly among women with limited formal education. Expanding the geographic accessibility of screening services could address significant barriers, enhancing participation and contributing to better prevention and early detection of cervical cancer within the community.</p> 2024-11-15T11:31:29+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Germain Amisa Aloma, Alexis François Bwanga Ngwamah , Monizi Mawunu, Roger Mwimba Mbungu, Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo, Gilbert Utshudienyema Wembodinga https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1158 Determinants of the use of family planning services among sexually active adolescents and young women in the Mweka Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-21T04:13:48+00:00 Luatala S. Woto [email protected] Mekanda J. Manenga [email protected] Kapajika R. Ngalula [email protected] Kundu M. Nkongolo [email protected] Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua [email protected] Basua Babintu Leyka Mukandu [email protected] Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>The low utilization of family planning services among sexually active adolescents and young women is a pressing public health issue, particularly in the Mweka Health Zone of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Understanding the factors influencing this utilization is crucial for improving access and outcomes.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aims to identify the determinants associated with the use of family planning services among sexually active adolescents and young women in the Mweka Health Zone.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This cross-sectional study surveyed 422 randomly selected adolescents and young women using a prospective survey method supported by a closed-ended, self-administered questionnaire.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Key findings indicate that spousal involvement (χ² = 4.175, <em>p</em> = 0.041), interpregnancy spacing (χ² = 16.364, <em>p</em> = 0.000), and health area affiliation (χ² = 12.396, <em>p</em> = 0.030) significantly influenced the use of family planning services. Stigmatization also negatively impacted service utilization (χ² = 5.05, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the duration of walking to access services (χ² = 10.987, <em>p</em> = 0.01) and the alignment of contraceptive methods with expressed needs (χ² = 6.132, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) were identified as significant factors.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Barriers such as limited spousal support, community stigma, inadequate knowledge, and fear of side effects significantly hinder access to family planning services among sexually active adolescents and young women in the Mweka Health Zone. Addressing these barriers is crucial to enhancing service utilization and improving reproductive health outcomes. Potential interventions include increasing community education to reduce stigma, engaging male partners through targeted awareness programs, and improving access to youth-friendly counselling. These strategies could support informed family planning choices, thereby reducing unintended pregnancies and advancing health equity among young women. Further research and policy initiatives are recommended to tailor family planning services to the needs of this demographic.</p> 2024-11-20T09:33:17+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Luatala S. Woto, Mekanda J. Manenga, Kapajika R. Ngalula, Kundu M. Nkongolo, Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Basua Babintu Leyka Mukandu, Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1159 Drivers of negative caesarean section experiences in Haut Uélé Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2024-11-30T04:49:16+00:00 Valentin Bwembola Boya [email protected] Jules Moti Kangite [email protected] Monizi Mawunu [email protected] Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua [email protected] Augustin Makangu Tshitadi [email protected] Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo [email protected] Roger Mwimba Mbungu [email protected] <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Caesarean section is a commonly performed obstetric procedure that is often associated with a higher rate of peri- and post-operative complications. These complications include anaesthetic problems, haemorrhage, lower uterine segment tears, bladder and bowel injuries, ureteral lesions, infections, thromboembolic risks, anaemia, and bowel transit disorders. These issues can negatively impact women's perceptions and experiences of caesarean section, affecting their overall experience of the procedure.</p> <p><strong>Purpose</strong></p> <p>This study aims to identify the factors associated with negative experiences of caesarean section to help improve women's experiences with this procedure in Haut Uélé Province.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>This was a quantitative, descriptive, and correlational study designed to explore the determinants of negative experiences among women who had undergone caesarean sections in this local context.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>The study's findings demonstrated the positive impact of midwife training on reducing negative experiences of caesarean sections. Factors associated with negative perceptions included a lack of communication about the diagnosis before surgery, inadequate disclosure of the need for a caesarean section, an unhealthy hospital environment, and poor family perceptions of the procedure.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Improving communication, enhancing the hospital environment, and fostering better family understanding of caesarean sections can help reduce the negative experiences associated with this procedure. Enhanced training for midwives plays a critical role in achieving more positive outcomes for women undergoing caesarean sections.</p> 2024-11-29T10:38:14+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Valentin Bwembola Boya, Jules Moti Kangite, Monizi Mawunu, Jean-Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Augustin Makangu Tshitadi, Marie-Claire Ohambe Omanyondo, Roger Mwimba Mbungu https://orapuh.org/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-4/index.php/orapj/article/view/e1160 Oral health challenges and management strategies for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment 2024-12-02T04:51:20+00:00 Rapheal K. Falegbe [email protected] VE Adamu [email protected] <p>Orthodontic treatment is a complex medical procedure that involves a series of steps aimed at achieving a desired outcome over an extended period, utilizing various types of appliances to correct malocclusion. This review seeks to explore common oral health issues faced by patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and to recommend effective strategies for addressing these problems. To gather relevant information, we conducted a comprehensive literature search across several databases, including PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Medscape, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Academia, Intechopen, and Sagepub, retrieving over 120 papers. The inclusion criteria were papers published in English between 2017 and 2021 within the review's subject area. From this pool, 50 papers were selected and thoroughly examined to provide the information presented in this article. The review is structured around orthodontic treatment concepts, types of appliances used to correct malocclusion, and the associated oral health conditions in patients, along with their management strategies. In conclusion, maintaining a high standard of oral hygiene is crucial for all patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients should be educated on proper daily oral hygiene practices and encouraged to attend regular dental check-ups and prophylactic treatments.</p> 2024-12-01T07:42:43+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Rapheal K. Falegbe, VE Adamu